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T cells are activated and induced to proliferate following binding of their respective antigen. The process of includes expression of genes that encode factors (i.e., cytokines) which regulate various cell types. Modulation of gene expression is conducted by an array of specific interactions between transcription factors and DNA. NFAT-1 (Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of the interleukin-2 gene. Thus, NFAT-1 DNA binding activity is undetectable in resting cells, but increases during T-cell activation. NFAT-1, a protein of 921 amino acids, is part of an oligomeric transcription factor that also contains Fra-1 and JunB. NFAT-1 was initially described as a phosphoprotein and is dephosphorylated in activated T cells transformed with the leukemia virus HTLV-l.
